Motivation and emotion

• Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior 

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors 
• Drive-Reduction Theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need 
• we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior 

Hunger

• hunger is both physiological and psychological 

Biological Basis of Hunger

• hunger does NOT come from our stomach 
• hunger comes from our brain; the hypothalamus 

Hypothalamus 

• Lateral Hypothalamus: when stimulated it makes you hungry 
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus: when stimulated you feel full 

Eating Disorders 

• Bulimia Nervosa: characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food) 
• Anorexia Nervosa: starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight
• see themselves as fat 
• vast majority are women

Achievement Motivation 

• Intrinsic Motivators: rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction 
• Extrinsic Motivators: reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc.) 
• work great in the short run 

Management Theories

• Theory X: manager believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
• think employees are extrinsically motivated 
• only interested in Maslow's lower needs 
• Theory Y: managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive 
• interested in Maslow's higher needs

When Motives Conflict 

• approach-approach conflict 
• avoidance-avoidance conflict 
• approach-avoidance conflict 
• multiple approach-avoidance conflicts 

Approach-Approach Conflict 

• when one must choose between two desirable or attractive goals

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 

• it refers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices 

When motives conflict;

•Approach- approach conflict

•Avoidance- avoidance conflict

•Approach avoidance conflict
-occurs when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects. 

•Multiple approach- avoidance conflicts
-refers to when an individual is frequently faced with having to chose between two or more goals, each of which have an attractive and repulsive aspect. 

Emotion:

James Lange theory of emotion: 

• Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological 

responses to emotion arousing stimuli. 

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.

• The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling. 

Cannon Bard theory of emotion: 

• emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger..

          - physiological responses 

          - subjective experience of emotion

Schacter’s two factor theory of emotion 

• to experience emotion one must 

          -be physically aroused 

          - cognitively label the arousal 

Emotion- lie detectors 

POLYGRAPH- 

• machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies 

• measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion 

     - perspiration 

     - cardiovascular 

     - breathing changes 

Catharsis- 

• Emotional release 

• Hypothesis...

       -releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy)     relieves aggressive urges 

Feel good, do good phenomenon-

• people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. 

Adaptation- level phenomenon- 

• tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level

- brightness of lights, loudness of sound, level of income 

- defined by our prior experience

Relative deprivation- 

• perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself 

Social Psychology 

* Social psychology is the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. *

Social thinking 

•attribution theory:

     - the idea that we give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior. 

     - we credit that behavior either to the situation. 

     - to the persons disposition. 

•fundamental attribution error:

     - the tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition. 

•attitude:

     - a belief of feeling that predisposes one to respond ima particular way to something. 

    

•foot in the door phenomenon:

     - the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. 

•door in the face phenomenon:

     - the tendency for people tank say no to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one. 

[cognitive dissonance theory]

     - we do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes don’t match our actions. 

     - when they clash, we will change our attitude to create balance. 

Social influence 

Conformity- adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Conditions that’s strengthen conformity; 

- one is made to feel incompetent 

- the group must be at least 3 people 

- the group has to be unanimous

- one admires the groups status 

- one had made no prior commitment 

- the person is observed 

Reasons for conforming 

Normative social influence;

•influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment

Informational social influence;

•influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

OBEDIENCE

SOCIAL FACILITATION 

• improves performance of tasks in the prescience of others. 

• occurs with simple or well learned tasks.

• not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered. 

Yerkes- Dodson law

• there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance or any task...

    - easy tasks— relatively high 

    - difficult tasks— low arousal  

    - other tasks— moderate level 

Social loafing;

• the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when polling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. 

DEINDIVIDUATION- the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that frosted arousal and anonymity.  

Group polarization- concept that a groups attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.




Group think;
• the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides common sense.

Self fulfilling prophecies;
• occurs when one persons belief about other leads to one to act in ways that induce the other appear to confirm the belief. 










SOCIAL RELATIONS


Prejudice;
- an unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people
- usually involves stereotype beliefs

Social inequalities;
- in group: “us” people Witt whom one shares a common identity 

SCAPEGOAT THEORY- 
• the theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame 


aggression;
• any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Conflict;
• a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas 


Pasión love ❤️- an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another. 

Compassionate love 💕- the deep affectionate attachment we feel for close with whom our lives are intertwined. 



Altruism:
• unselfish regard for the welfare of others 
•Kitty Genovese 
• Bystander effect (bystanders less willing to help if there are other bystanders around)